When John drives negligently during his lessons and injures his instructor, John's duty of care is:

The duty of care in the context of negligence requires individuals to act in a way that a reasonable person would in similar circumstances to avoid causing harm to others. In this scenario, John's actions during his driving lessons, despite being an unqualified driver, still subject him to the same standard of care as that owed by every driver on the road.

This is because the law imposes a universal standard of care on all drivers, meaning that regardless of a driver's experience level—whether they are a novice or experienced—the expectation is to operate their vehicle safely and responsibly. If a driver acts negligently and causes injury, as John did, they can be held liable for the harm caused. This reflects the underlying principle that all drivers should adhere to a consistent standard of behavior that prioritizes the safety of others on the road.

While the other options suggest differentiating standards based on experience or qualifications, the law does not take into account such variables in this instance; instead, it maintains uniformity in the obligation to ensure the safety of others. Thus, the correct understanding of John's duty of care is that it is indeed the same as that owed by every driver.