Which legal document primarily governs relationships between shareholders and the company?

The Articles of Association is the legal document that primarily governs the relationship between shareholders and the company. It serves as the internal rulebook for the company, detailing the rights and responsibilities of shareholders, how decisions are to be made at shareholder meetings, the voting procedures, and other operational matters related to the governance of the company.

This document is crucial as it outlines how the company will be run and provides clarity on the controls for the management and decision-making processes. Shareholders can refer to the Articles to understand their rights regarding dividends, voting, and meetings.

The other options, while related to corporate governance, play different roles. The Memorandum of Association serves to establish the company and outline its external relationships, but it doesn’t govern shareholder relationships in detail. A Shareholder Agreement, although it can address specific shareholder rights, is a private contract and doesn't govern relations in the same comprehensive way at a company-wide level. Corporate by-laws, if applicable, are more commonly associated with organizations in certain jurisdictions and tend to overlap with or complement the Articles of Association rather than replace them.